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Aticle Privacy Statement

2008-04-13T19:15:00.000-07:00

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Web Server

2008-03-28T00:28:00.000-07:00

Web server adalah software yang memberikan layanan web. Web server menggunakan protokol yang disebut dengan HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol). Anda mempunyai banyak pilihan di dunia open source, tergantung pada keperluan Anda. Dalam tulisan ini akan kita bahas salah satu web server yang sangat terkenal dan menjadi standar de facto setiap distribusi Linux, yaitu Apache. Apache adalah nama web server yang dibuat berbasiskan kode sumber dan ide-ide yang ada pada web server leluhurnya, yaitu web server NCSA. Sesuai namanya, web server NCSA dibuat oleh National Center for Supercomputing Applications. Tidak seperti poryek leluhurnya yang dibiayai oleh pemerintah Amerika, web server Apache dikembangkan oleh sekelompok programer yang bekerja tanpa dibayar oleh siapapun. Mereka mengerjakan proyek ini dengan berbagai macam alasan, akan tetapi alasan yang paling mendasar adalah mereka senang jika perangkat lunak mereka digunakan oleh banyak orang. dan sumber :http://ilmukomputer.com/2007/03/04/apache-web-server-di-berbagai-distro/

Apa itu Bandwidth?

2008-03-28T00:23:00.000-07:00

Bandwidth adalah luas atau lebar cakupan frekuensi yang digunakan oleh sinyal dalam medium transmisi. Dalam kerangka ini, bandwidth dapat diartikan sebagai perbedaan antara komponen sinyal frekuensi tinggi dan sinyal frekuensi rendah. Frekuensi sinyal diukur dalam satuan Hertz. Sinyal suara tipikal mempunyai bandwidth sekitar 3 kHz, analog TV broadcast (TV) mempunyai bandwidth sekitar 6 MHz.

Di dalam jaringan komputer, bandwidth sering digunakan sebagai suatu sinonim untuk data transfer rate yaitu jumlah data yang dapat dibawa dari sebuah titik ke titik lain dalam jangka waktu tertentu (pada umumnya dalam detik). Jenis bandwidth ini biasanya diukur dalam bps (bits per second). Adakalanya juga dinyatakan dalam Bps (bytes per second). Suatu modem yang bekerja pada 57,600 bps mempunyai bandwidth dua kali lebih besar dari modem yang bekerja pada 28,800 bps. Secara umum, koneksi dengan bandwidth yang besar/tinggi memungkinkan pengiriman informasi yang besar seperti pengiriman gambar/images dalam video presentation.

Paket-paket bandwidth yang disediakan oleh CHANNEL-11 bervariasi. Dari mulai 32 kbps sampai dengan 256 kbps. 32 kbps berarti bahwa dalam setiap detiknya user dapat mengirimkan paket data sebesar 32 kb (kilobits). Atau jika semisal anda ingin mengambil/mengirim sebuah data yang besarnya 1 MB (Mega Byte) maka secara teori dapat dihitung 1 MB x 8 x 1024 = 8192 kb sehingga estimasi waktu yang dibutuhkan adalah 8192/32 = 256 detik = 4.2 menit. Waktu ini adalah perhitungan waktu kasar dimana dalam kenyataannya data yang akan dikirim atau diambil akan ditambahkan beberapa bit lagi sebagai header dan yang lainnya sehingga akan menambah lamanya transmisi data. Sebagai catatan bahwa 1 MB =1024 kb sumber:http://www.channel-11.net/ina/faq/index.php?faq_id=6&category_id=12

Bahan Presentasi

2008-03-28T00:02:00.000-07:00

Instalasi Jaringan Internet HOSTPOT Dengan Mediasi Wire Dan Wireless Alat Dan Bahan Alat Tang crimping Lan Card

2008-03-26T20:32:00.000-07:00

Internet Information Server (IIS) adalah sebuah web server yang tersedia secara otomatis pada saat instalasi Windows edisi server dengan opsi Typical atau Full. Sayangnya instalasi default ini dapat mengakibatkan celah keamanan di sistem anda yang berakibat fatal. Bagaimana cara mengamankannya?

Web server adalah inti dari organisasi internet yang komplek saat ini. Setiap kali sebuah browser berhubungan dengan suatu situs web baik di internet ataupun intranet, maka ia terhubung dengan web server, server tersebut mendengarkan request pada jaringan dan menjawabnya kepada client atau pengirim permintaan dengan membawa data tertentu.

IIS atau yang dikenal dengan Internet Information Server adalah web server yang secara default terinstall saat kita menginstalasi secara tipikal suatu server windows.

IIS menginstal dirinya sendiri kepada partisi primer secara automatis. Ini menyebabkan suatu resiko keamanan sendiri, sebab User Internet dapat mengakses partisi sistem setiap kali mereka melihat suatu Halaman web atau menggunakan FTP untuk download suatu file.

Dibawah ini adalah daftar direktori yang dibuatkan default oleh IIS: - %WinDir%\InetPub - %WinDir%\System32\InetSrv - %WinDir%\System32\InetSrv\IisAdmin - %WinDir%\Help\IISHelp

IIS menciptakan dua akun user selama instalasi: IUSR_COMPUTERNAME dan IWAM_COMPUTERNAME. IIS menggantikan variabel "computername" dengan nama komputer kita. Contoh, jika kita sedang menginstall IIS dan nama komputer kita "BAPUK", Maka akun komputer adalah IUSR_BAPUK dan IWAM_BAPUK. Hebatnya lagi akun tersebut tidak bisa dihapus, karena IIS memerlukannya. Akun IUSR_COMPUTERNAME digunakan untuk mengijinkan akses tanpa nama atau "Anonymous" kedalam sistem, sedang akun IWAM_COMPUTERNAME digunakan untuk menjalankan out-of-process dari aplikasi web.

Tidak setiap server windows memerlukan IIS sebagai webservernya. IIS sendiri seharusnya tidak diinstall dalam keadaan default, bila tetap memerlukan IIS ada baiknya mengubah default partisinya agar tidak sama dengan partisi sistem anda. Agar apa? ya itu tadi untuk keamanan.

Apabila IIS telah terinstall sebaiknya anda menguninstall dan reinstall lagi IIS pada partisi yang kita inginkan.

Bagaimana mengubahnya ke partisi yang kita inginkan sedang tak ada pilihan sewaktu instalasinya? Memang tidak ada cara mengubah direktori "program files" pada "Add/Remove program wizard". Untuk mengubahnya kita harus membuat sebuah "answer file" lalu menginstallnya.

Apa itu answer file? Bagaimana cara membuatnya? "Answer File" atau file jawaban kurang lebih adalah suatu file teks yang digunakan untuk mem-bypass / melewati suatu prosedur instalasi secara normal.

Tabel dibawah adalah beberapa komponen IIS yang diperlukan dalam membuat "answer file":

-----------------------------------------------------------
Sintak        =>Tujuan                                       
-----------------------------------------------------------          
iis_common    => Install "common file"                           
iis_doc       => Install dokumentasi IIS
iis_ftp       => Install Service FTP                              
Iis_htmla     => Install "Web-based administration tools"           
iis_inetmgr   => Install "MMC-based administration tools"           
iis_nntp_docs => Install dokumentasi NNTP
iis_smtp      => Install Service SMTP                             
iis_smtp_docs => Install dokumentasi SMTP
iis_www       => Install Service WWW                           
-----------------------------------------------------------

Untuk prosedur penggunaannya silahkan ikuti tutorial berikut:

Kilk menu Start > Run
Ketik notepad dalam kotak dialognya lalu klik OK
Ikuti sintak berikut yang disesuaikan dengan "table komponen answer file" di atas: [Components] iis_common = on iis_ftp = on iis_htmla = on iis_www = on [InternetServer] PathFTPRoot= D:\Inetpub\Ftproot PathWWWRoot=D:\Inetpub\Wwwroot (D: Menunjukan letak partisi yang diinginkan untuk lokasi IIS.)
Simpan file tadi di direktori C:\ dengan nama iis.txt atau terserah anda.

Setelah membuat file jawaban tadi, berarti kita hampir siap untuk melakukan instalasi. Kenapa hampir? yup..karena kita memerlukan satu program lagi yang digunakan untuk menginstalisasi dari "answer file" yang kita buat dengan nama "iis.txt" tadi, yaitu "Sysocmgr.exe".

Lalu bagaimana instalasinya? Gampang. Masuk ke "command prompt" lalu ketik: sysocmgr /I:%windir%\inf\sysoc.inf /u:c:\iis.txt dan ikuti saja prosedurnya.

Keterangan: Trik ini dilakukan di mesin Windows XP & Windows server 2003 dan seharusnya bisa untuk keluarga NT. [Components] => parameter untuk menginstall komponen-komponen dalam Windows. [InternetServer] => parameter untuk merubah default path FTP dan WWW. iis_htmla = on => "on" menyatakan Kondisi siap melakukan instalasi, yaitu "web based admin tool".

Referensi: - "Unattended.doc" from the Server CD, "support\tools\deploy.cab\unattend.doc" - "www.syngress.com"

Oleh: kodokhunt (hendraw4n AT yahoo.com)

HTTP Tunnels

2008-03-16T23:26:00.000-07:00

The computer security world has come a long way over the past decade or so. There are all kinds of programs to mitigate external threats and the ever present spectre of viruses. What about those programs that are initiated from the trusted internal network though? Read on to learn more about the threat of HTTP tunnels.

HTTP tunnels

When people hear the words HTTP tunnels they often think quite literally. To them it is some data being transported inside of HTTP data. This line of reasoning is in actuality not far off from the truth. Data is being transported via port 80 and that port is normally associated with HTTP, but that is where the literal interpretation mentioned above ends. Typically, data is not encapsulated within the HTTP protocol itself, but merely sent over port 80. To understand the whole reasoning behind HTTP tunnels we first need to understand a few concepts and how they impact the usage of these tunnels.

In most corporate networks there is pretty good security in place to prevent breaches from occurring. Some other networks also have even better security in place. This heightened security is composed of various components. One of them is that there are only a certain small number of ports that are left open for outbound connections. Some of these ports could be port 25, 110, and port 80 so that the company employees can surf the web and check email. A lot of other ports that are associated with troublesome applications like IRC are closed on the router for outbound connections. Ports such as 6666 on are typically not allowed for outbound endpoints.

Having your system administrator put together a coherent Internet usage policy goes a long way towards helping secure your network. The router can be used as a powerful first line of defence for both inbound and outbound activity. After having put together such a policy it is not unheard of to see some employees trying to circumvent these security measures. One of the most used and often heard of ones is through the use of HTTP tunnels. All manner of programs can be used via the HTTP tunnel, and that is where the threat comes from. Seen as almost every company has HTTP 80 outbound allowed, do you really know what is going on or more specifically going in or out port 80?

Know the enemy

HTTP tunnels can actually have two uses as it impacts computer security. One of them is that people tunnel over it other applications like the above-mentioned IRC, or that it can be used as a reverse HTTP tunnel. Neither one is desirable, but of the two a reverse HTTP tunnel is a far greater threat. Dealing with a tunnel, which is used for the purpose of say IRC usage is bad enough, but the question is how do you stop or detect it? Having the ports closed for outbound purposes is a very good first step, but having done that may have driven someone to use a tunnel over the allowed outbound port 80.

One can help mitigate the use of HTTP tunnelling programs by having a pre-approved software baseline for the corporate network. Further to this only someone with system administrator privileges is able to install software. These are good first steps to take, but they can be bypassed by someone with a modicum of computer knowledge. Once someone has physical access to a computer all bets are off, and privilege escalation can be done fairly easily. This leads back to the point of detecting the usage of these programs and there are several of them out there. This HTTP tunnelling program is quite brazen about the services that it offers.

Knowing that there are threats out there is good, but you will only get to understand them by actually using them. Whether that be using a POC for a specific buffer overflow or installing and using an HTTP tunnelling program. The vast majority of them are simple to use, hence their popularity.

Detecting HTTP tunnels

Detecting HTTP tunnels is not an impossible task by any means, but it does take some knowledge of the HTTP protocol itself. We know that HTTP observes the client/server model and operates on port 80. One key piece of information that we also know is that typically the web browser will send short packets to the web server. The web server in turn will send back primarily large chunks of data. In other words you will quite often see packet sizes from the web server inbound to the client with a packet size of close to 1500 bytes.

We now have a number to work with. Further to that, if you quickly study packet sizes as sent out by the web client they are typically quite small ie: in the low hundreds. Further to this is the fact that HTTP is not a persistent connection. By that I mean that the web client will not keep an open connection to some exterior site on port 80 for hours. It will likely last in the minutes. Knowing this is a second key metric that we can use to detect HTTP tunnels. Someone using such a tunnel will likely have it open for hours if they are using IRC or some other such program.

Let’s see how

So we now have some rudimentary information to work with in our effort to track down these tunnels. We also have to make sure some other steps are in place to further our efforts. In case you are not running an IDS or other packet collection device I suggest you install windump.exe so that you can take a sampling of data so that you can mine it. This data collection method will allow you to collect only the data you want or collect everything. There is, for this exercise, no use in collecting all internal traffic. You only want traffic that is destined for port 80. You will need to collect this data file on a computer that has a significant amount of memory available to it. Also this will need to be likely plugged into the span port of your main switch so that it sees all traffic exiting your network.

-s 1514 –w collection_file ip and src net 192.168 and dst port 80

The above noted filter, when entered via windump.exe, will capture the first 1514 bytes of packets and write them to a binary log file called “collection_file”. This is assuming that you have not narrowed your bandwidth pipe further upstream. Further to that they must come from a source network of 192.168/16, and be going to port 80. This helps narrow the focus of your collection.

You could expand on this and write up a bitmask for the “Total Length” field in the IP header. If you think about this it is quite useful for the purpose of finding such covert tunnels. A normal HTTP session would only generate small packets to a web server. Illegal usage of an HTTP session or tunnel would likely generate large outbound packets to port 80. This would be one defining method in which we would likely discover the usage of HTTP tunnels. The syntax for such a filter would be as follows below:

-s 1514 –w collection_file2 ip and src net 192.168 and ‘dst port 80’ and ‘ip[2:2] > 200’

Wrapup

When it comes to securing your networks you must always have situational awareness. That comes in many forms and for some us we help maintain that by subscribing to various mailing lists. It also helps in understanding how programs and protocols themselves work. By knowing how an HTTP tunnel works and what they look like at the packet level is very helpful. You will also have noticed that collecting packets off the wire is also an excellent means of understanding what is going on within your network.

While the above noted filters are a starting point they also still need to be refined. Not all traffic going over an HTTP tunnel will conform to the norms of the HTTP protocol. With this information in hand about the behaviour of HTTP tunnels you can begin your search in rooting them out. I hope this article was of use to you and as always welcome your feedback. Lastly, please remember that to truly understand something you really need to recreate it or do it yourself.

Sumber:http://www.windowsecurity.com/articles/HTTP-Tunnels.html

TCP and IP Options

2008-03-16T23:09:00.001-07:00

Going back over the basics is always a good idea. One of the most fundamental pieces of knowledge in regards to computer communications are the four core protocols; IP, TCP, UDP, and ICMP. What we shall do over the course of this article is cover the options for both TCP and IP to see what, if any, security implications they may have.

TCP and IP options

I have spoken at length before about the TCP/IP protocol suite and its dozens of protocols. When people refer to the TCP/IP protocol suite they are referring to all layers of the OSI Reference model. With that in hand we most certainly have dozens of various protocols that come to mind. The vast bulk of these dozens of protocols reside at the application layer. Many of these application layer protocols have any number of vulnerabilities associated with them.

What of the “four core protocols” though? What are they, what do they do, and why are they called the “core” protocols? The four core protocols as listed in the article description are IP for routing, TCP and UDP for transport, and lastly ICMP for error message handling. These protocols are considered core ones as every operating system must have them in order to be able to talk ie: send packets. So whether it be say Mac or BSD or other type operating system they all have these core protocols, albeit sometimes as implemented by a different stack. Think Novell for a good example of that.

Is it worse for a core protocol?

So we know then that operating systems must have these core protocols to communicate. Well seeing as this is a Windows centric computer security site, it bears further study to see if there are vulnerabilities associated with the core protocols or more specifically any of their options. Unless you have a copy of a good TCP/IP book I would suggest you download the TCP/IP and tcpdump flyer. You will see it at the bottom of the page. Once you have downloaded this page you will find, at the bottom of each protocol, the options for it, if any.

Seeing as these core protocols are omnipresent in computer communications today, it makes sense that we would be interested in some of their lesser known aspects. That would be where their options come in. I will assume from here on that you have downloaded the page I just hyperlinked to. We can see that at the bottom of the page for IP are listed six different options. We will now look at them in order and evaluate them from a computer security perspective.

IP and its options

End of Options list We can see that this IP option has a “kind” value of 0 and its length is 1 byte. There are no known security issues for this IP option and it is used only at the end of the IP options used in the header.

No operation This IP option has a “kind” value of 1 and by kind I mean what kind of option it is. This IP option is not to be confused with the Assembler language NOP instruction. The Assembler NOP instruction is used by the exploit developer to allow themselves a large window on the stack in which to return the malicious code to. The NOP instruction used in the IP header is used to fill out another option that was used, in order to make it fill a 32 bit boundary. It was funny as I had wrongly written this portion till I realized I was writing about the IP option and not the idempotent NOP instruction used in Assembly.

Record Route This IP option has a kind value of seven and is of a variable length. This record route is used in conjunction with the other two IP options of “Loose Source route” and “Strict source route”. Their kind values are respectively 131 and 137. Record route or more specifically Loose Source Record Route packets have been a longstanding computer security concern. Back in 2002 I was able to determine that W2K and XP were still reversing the first hop of a LSRR packet. This was allowed by default on those TCP/IP stacks.

While this may not sound like the end of the world that is because it isn’t . Though it is not a good thing either as it is useful for attacks. The same research at that time also indicated to me that most firewall vendors such as Symantec’s Norton Firewall were also allowing inbound LSRR packets. Suffice it to say that there really is no legitimate reason to be seeing LSRR packets on today’s networks. There is no real reason that someone would want to specify a series of hops in a packets path.

Timestamp This option has a kind value of 68 and is used by routers to insert its timestamp onto the packet. There is really little practical value to this IP option and I have rarely ever seen it used. Nor have I ever seen or heard of any computer security issues involving the use or abuse of this option.

TCP and its options

End of options list This option is the same as the one for IP with the same kind number and uses.

No operation This has a kind value of 1 and is also one byte in length. Much like the IP headers NOP option this is also used to pad out another option that was used to make sure that it falls within a 32 bit word. There are several options used by TCP that don’t cleanly fall within a 32 bit word ie: they don’t all use four bytes.

Window Scale This option has a kind value of three and a byte size of three as well. It is used to increase the window size from a 16 bit value to a 32 bit one. There are no known uses for this option as it impacts computer security. That said, it is a very neat option and is also known to some as the “sliding window” when used. You should only ever see this option though during the three way TCP/IP handshake.

Selective ACK ok This TCP option has a kind value of 4 and a length of two bytes. There are no known computer security issues to my knowledge associated with this option. The option should only be seen during the TCP/IP three way handshake.

Timestamp This TCP option has a kind value of eight and a variable length. There are two uses for this option as used by TCP. One is to calculate the RTT or return trip time and the second is used to prevent the PAWS aka protect against wrapped sequences, attack. This is an option which can be seen in a packet.

Wrap up

We have covered all of the options presently available for both TCP and IP. You may be saying to yourself, well what about UDP and ICMP? At this time there are no options for either one. Should you want to play around with some of these options for TCP and IP, then you would be well advised to download a packet crafter. A good packet crafting program will allow you to manipulate almost every field found in either TCP or IP. Well I sincerely hope this article was of some use to you, and as always welcome your feedback. Till next time!

Sumber:http://www.windowsecurity.com/articles/TCP-IP-Options.html

2008-02-01T20:10:00.000-08:00

IT (Information Technology) adalah bidang yang terlalu luas. Coba kalau anda yang mbaca blog ini ditanya oleh temen anda “Eh, aku pingin belajar IT, ajarin aku dong…!!” Apa coba respon anda ?? Bingung ? Nggak tahu musti menjawab apa ? Atau menjawab sekenanya aja, yang penting temen anda tadi itu mengerti ? Sebagai contoh, ada nggak yang bisa menjawab arti singkatan berikut, dan menjelaskannya secara ringkas kepada orang : TCP/IP, OSPF, SFP, SNMP, SMTP, EGP, XML, HTML, WSDL, VDSL, TFTP, GBIC, GLBP, SQL, IPv6, MBGP, IS-IS, MLD, DHCP, DTCP, CARP, RRAS, PIM-SM, IGMP, MPLS-VPN, L2TP, VLAN, RSS, CSS, XSS, POP3, dan VRRP ? Belum lagi kalau ngomong masalah standar, seperti IEEE 802.11b, 802.3z, 802.1Q, atau 802.1x, anda tahu kan bedanya masing-masing standar itu apa ?? Kayaknya cakupan ‘IT’ ini yang harus dibatasi. Orang bisa seenaknya sendiri menuduh seseorang (atau dituduh) sebagai pakar IT tanpa definisi yang jelas. Saya coba membatasi bidang IT terlebih dahulu pada masalah ‘Computer Networks’, karena saya baru ngertinya ya itu. Kalau untuk bidang yang lain, ya dikiaskan saja lah. Computer Networks saya definisikan dalam tiga bagian, dan dikiaskan juga kepada OSI layer :- Application (Layer 4-7)- Protocol (Layer 2-4)- Infrastructure (Layer 1-2) Mudah-mudahan pembagian ini memudahkan orang yang masih blank sama sekali tentang Computer Networks. Menyaring minatnya dia mau main di bidang apa. Application : Ini bidang yang ngurusin aplikasi-aplikasi yang berjalan di Internet. Contoh paling gampangnya ya web services : LAMP (Linux Apache MySQL Perl/PHP) dan ASP .NET nya Microsoft. Termasuk juga servis communication & collaboration, seperti Instant Messaging, dan VoIP. Dan masih banyaaaak lagi. Jika diambil analogi PAM yang menyediakan air bersih ke rumah-rumah, dialah penyedia air bersihnya. Atau bisa saja bukan menyalurkan air, tapi menyalurkan madu atau susu ke rumah Ada juga servis lain yang sangat penting namun jarang terlihat, yaitu servis DNS, directory services (LDAP, MSAD) dan authentication system (Radius, Tacacs). Protocol : Ini bidang yang mendalami cara kerja, implementasi serta integrasi protokol-protokol Internet TCP/IP. Mulai dari IP addressing, routing protokol (unicast dan multicast, interior dan exterior), NAT, serta protokol komunikasi seperti TCP dan UDP. Menjelaskan protokol apa yang sesuai dengan karakteristik sebuah aplikasi (misalnya mengapa VoIP harus pakai UDP, file transfer harus pakai TCP). Termasuk juga ilmu klasifikasi paket yang diaplikasikan pada packet filter dan firewall. Bidang inilah yang menjadi ‘lem’ atau perekat antara aplikasi Internet dan infrastruktur Internet. Infrastruktur : Kelebihan jaringan Internet daripada jaringan telekomunikasi yang lain adalah ia mampu berjalan diatas bermacam-macam media infrastruktur telekomunikasi, selama ia menggunakan protokol TCP/IP. Infrastruktur terbagi dua : Wired (kabel) dan Wireless (tanpa kabel). Wired terdiri dari kabel fiber optik dan kabel tembaga, dengan protokol LAN seperti [10,100,1000,10Gig]Ethernet, Token Ring, dan FDDI ataupun protokol telekomunikasi seperti SONET/SDH, Fractional E1 atau E3, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), Cable, sampai dengan PPP dialup. Wireless lebih banyak lagi, dengan bermacam-macam perangkat serta modulasi digital, contohnya Radio Paket, Satelit, Telepon Seluler (CSD atau GPRS), Point-to-Point Microwave, Wireless LAN dan sebagainya. Masing-masing infrastruktur memiliki karakteristik tersendiri, yang harus diketahui dalam desain jaringan komputer agar pemanfaatannya optimal. Kalau diibaratkan perusahaan PAM, dialah penyedia pipa ledeng dari penyulingan air PAM sampai ke rumah-rumah. Kalau mau menjadi orang computer networks yang bener, ketiga hal tersebut harus diketahui beserta keterkaitannya antara sistem satu dengan sistem yang lain. Kegagalan mengetahui keterkaitan antara satu hal dengan yang lain dapat berakibat pada kegagalan desain dan implementasi jaringan komputer. Yang lebih repot lagi, muncul pula bidang-bidang yang membutuhkan pemahaman lengkap bukan hanya satu bidang saja, tetapi dua atau tiga bidang ini secara bersamaan. Munculnya teknologi network security mengharuskan network engineer juga mengetahui kelemahan sekuriti sebuah aplikasi. Munculnya teknologi MPLS-VPN mengharuskan seseorang operator telekomunikasi memahami TCP/IP routing secara lengkap sambil memahami kemampuan infrastruktur yang ia miliki. Walaupun demikian, semua hal yang saya tuliskan ini juga tidak dapat digapai secara cepat oleh kebanyakan orang, termasuk saya sendiri. Beberapa orang yang mendapatkan pemahaman seperti ini biasanya mendapatkan pekerjaan ‘tukang cuci piring’ yang disuruh mengurusi segala hal dari A sampai Z, pokoknya besok harus jadi Dengan jungkir balik berkali-kali, barulah biasanya muncul pemahaman seperti ini, yang sangat berguna untuk membuat pembagian masalah menjadi sedikit lebih jelas serta lebih mudah diselesaikan. Kembali dengan masalah IT diatas, pembagian urusan computer networks ini membuat orang yang tertarik dengan urusan aplikasi Internet untuk lebih mempelajari masalah sistem operasi server, web services (LAMP, ASP.NET) dan system administration. Bagi orang yang tertarik dengan ilmu protokol dan infrastruktur, dapat memulainya dengan teknologi LAN, routing, IP addressing, dengan arah untuk menjadi network engineer. Harus diingat juga, baik network engineer dan system administrator atau web developer juga wajib mengetahui ketiga ilmu tadi walaupun secara kasar dan bagian besarnya saja. Ini gunanya untuk memudahkan interaksi antara network engineer dan system admin dan web developer. Wah, jadi panjang nih. Tapi saya sangat senang bisa share.Mudah-mudahan ada manfaatnya,Yang benar datang dari Tuhan, yang salah datang dari saya sendiri,Silap salah ampun maaf, sumber: http://affanzbasalamah.blogsome.com/2005/02/17/susahnya-belajar-it/

membuat virus sendiri

2008-02-01T19:39:00.000-08:00

Membuat virus macro sendiri Berdasarkan sifat dan penyerangannya, virus komputer dapat dibedakan menjadi beberapa macam, misalnya virus boot sector, virus file, polymorphic virus, stealth virus, dan virus makro. Virus makro ini dapat menyerang pada dokumen MS Word, Excel atau Power Point. Virus makro ini termasuk virus yang paling banyak dijumpai di sekitar kita. Tentunya kita masih ingat dengan adanya virus Mellisa atau virus I Love You yang juga dapat kita masukkan ke dalam kategori virus macro. Mengapa virus makro ini sering sekali kita jumpai? Jawabnya tentu saja karena populasi pengguna MS Office sangat banyak. Dengan pengguna yang cukup banyak tentunya virus makro dapat berkembang dengan cepat. Dengan melakukan pertukaran data *.doc (dokumen MS Word) yang telah terinfeksi maka sudah cukup untuk membuat semua dokumen menjadi terinfeksi. Yang menarik, bagaimana cara membuat virus makro tersebut? Kalau Anda seorang programmer, dengan bantuan berbagai referensi tentunya mudah saja untuk belajar membuat virus makro. Masalahnya bagaimana kalau kita sama sekali tidak menguasai bahasa pemrograman? Tenang saja, di internet banyak sekali software yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat virus makro. Salah satunya adalah SkamWerks Lab. Dengan fasilitas Virii Wizard, kita dapat membuat virus mulai dari awal sampai selesai. Saat menggunakan Virii Wizard, kita dapat menuliskan pembuat virusnya, nama virus, dan makro-makro yang akan dimasukkan ke dalam virus. Nah, daripada penasaran, silakan Anda cepat-cepat mencobanya sendiri. Tentunya setelah Anda mendownload programnya di sini. Jika berminat, Anda bisa mendapatkan software-software lain yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat virus di sini. Koleksinya sangat lengkap! Selamat mencoba!

Cara Gampang Bikin Virus

2007-11-20T21:20:00.000-08:00

Kamu pasti masih inget dengan virus worm yang sempat menghebohkan internet beberapa waktu yang lalu : Anna Kournikova. Worm yang menginfeksi Windows. beserta Outlook Exressnya, akan mengirim sendiri pesan virus ke seluruh email yang terdapat pada address book. Sebenarnya untuk membuat worm semacam itu kamu tidak harus menjadi seorang programmer handal. Cukup bisa njalanin komputer dan punya softwarenya. Lalu apa softwarenya ? VBS Worm Generator !! Dengan program yang dibuat oleh hacker Argentina berusia 18 tahun itu kamu dapat membuat virus yang sama dahsyatnya dengan Anna Kournikova, cukup dengan melakukan beberapa klik. Program VBSWG memungkinkan kamu untuk membuat worm dengan nama sesukamu. Kamu juga bisa memilih efek dari worm tersebut, seperti misalnya menampilkan pesan atau memaksa seseorang untuk menuju situs tertentu. Akibat yang paling parah tentunya jika worm tersebut kamu setting supaya membikin crash komputer. Kemampuan lain dari VBSWG adalah melakukan enkripsi terhadap source code worm yang dibuat. Kemampuan lainnya bisa kamu coba sendiri :-) Pokoknya cukup hebatlah program ini. Tapi seperti yang dikatakan oleh pembuatnya, VBS Worm Generator hanya boleh digunakan untuk belajar, bukan untuk merugikan orang lain. Untuk itu jika Anda memang berniat mencobanya, ingat-ingat peringatan tersebut. Situs yg menyediakan VBSWG : http://www.virii.com.ar/,http://www.kvirii.com.ar/,http://vx.netlux.org/dat/tv07.shtml. Atau gunakan search engine http://www.google.com/ dan masukkan keyword vbswg2bfix.zip, Vbswg2B.zip, worm generator, dan keyword semacamny Sumber : http://www.klik-kanan.com/fokus/vbswm.shtml

Social Networking - Do You Practice Netiquette?

2007-11-13T20:57:00.000-08:00

by: L. J. Allen Over the years, the beauty of the Internet has opened many different doors pertaining to socializing, networking, and the overall art of communication. Today, computer users of all ages are exploring the possibilities associated with chat rooms, discussion boards, forums, and online personals. Sending emails, instant messaging family and friends, and relaying text messages across the World Wide Web are also popular forms of contact. Despite the fact that users are unseen behind the guise of their computer, there is still a written and unwritten code of conduct that exists about the Internet. Even in the world of online communication, one may offend, confuse, and irritate the people they send emails to or speak with in a chat room. Just as you participate in face-to-face communication, you are often aware of the way you move your body, execute hand gestures, or raise your voice. When contacting others across the Internet, there are also certain messages conveyed through the way you type out your thoughts. One of the most irritating online habits involves the use of all-caps when typing to others. Not only are long strings of capped words a strain on the eyes to read, but is often viewed as "shouting." When typing emails or chatting with others while online, spelling and grammar really does count in not only making people see your side of things, but also promoting intelligent and free-flowing conversation. Usually, glaring spelling mistakes cause a distraction and confusion in correspondences. Additionally, just because you attempt to avoid making spelling errors and lapses in grammar – doesn’t mean you have the right to criticize others for their poor use of the English language. It is highly suggested to ignore the spelling mistakes of others and concentrate on the way you communicate while online. Additional email etiquette rules include the avoidance of sending or forwarding junk mail and Internet hoaxes, forwarding virus warnings (which are sometimes hoaxes), replying to all recipients of a collectively sent email, and sending unnecessarily large attachments. There are also plenty of "netiquette" issues to recognize when communicating with others in online communities (chat rooms and forums). One of the first things to do when joining a chat room, forum, or other online group is familiarize oneself with the rules or guidelines of the service. This practice comes in rather handy and helps one avoid any future online confrontations or misunderstandings. At all times, your privacy should be protected, as well as other members of the online community. It is unwise to use full names in chat room correspondences and is rude to ask the full names of those you come in contact with. Staying on topic is also a rule of Internet etiquette. For instance, if you have joined a chat room community regarding model airplanes, it is often inappropriate to start sharing your marital problems with others. Using offensive language is warned against and is usually punished (suspension or ban). When chatting, it is also suggested to keep messages short and present information in the most concise manner. Also, a common practice is to use abbreviations, but not everyone is familiar with the current lingo and this should be kept in mind – the abbreviation of your words and phrases should be used sparingly. Overall, it is suggested to treat communication across the Internet in the same manner that you like to receive correspondences. Usually, the things that irritate you are the same actions others dislike as well. About The Author Linda Allen is the co-founder of GirlfriendsCafe, a popular social networking site for women throughout the United States and Canada. http://www.girlfriendscafe.com sumber: http://www.articlecity.com/articles/computers_and_internet/article_3929.shtml

The Adverse Effects Of Technology - Part II

2007-11-13T20:56:00.000-08:00

by: Tim Bryce My earlier article entitled "Adverse Effect of Technology" resulted in an avalanche of e-mail from readers, all predominantly favorable. In that article I put forth an observation that "As the use of technology increases, social skills decreases." I want to take this concept a little further herein. Before we had computers and the sophisticated communication devices we now have in the work place, there was a lot of manual processing involved. Orders were processed manually, as were shipments, financial transactions, and many other business processes. All involved considerable paperwork with documents, reports, journals, logs, spreadsheets, etc. We of course used the latest technology of the day which included such things as typewriters, adding machines, filing systems, cash registers, and tabulating equipment. Nonetheless, the emphasis was on manual processing which meant we were forced to work together, like it or not, hence the need for better interpersonal communications. In other words, out of sheer necessity we were forced to socialize in order for the company to function properly. Since the business processes were so laborious, companies would worry about losing time on a task, hence the need for long range planning. Today, electronic automation is used to implement just about every business process in a company. The idea of operating without computer support or electronic communications is unimaginable. True, such devices have been able to expedite the processes, but in doing so people no longer have to interact in order to fulfill their jobs, hence the breakdown in interpersonal communications. And because our tasks are not as laborious as they once were, the technology allows us to make changes on the fly. Consequently, long range planning has been sacrificed and reactionary management practices have taken their place. In reality, long range planning is still very much needed in order to remain competitive in a world economy, but this is not the mindset in today's corporate cultures anymore. As I mentioned in my article, we have developed an overt dependency on our technology which results in three areas of concern: first, that a company comes to a standstill when the power is disrupted (we can no longer perform the business processes); second, it tends to emphasize short-term planning as opposed to long range (whereby we are content to perform small tasks), and; third, basic interpersonal relations are negatively affected because we are no longer forced to interact with others. Again, I am most definitely not anti-technology, but neither am I anti-human socialization. If I have learned anything in the 30+ years of experience in the information systems industry, it is that people matter most of all; that it is people who use information, not technology; that projects and business processes are executed by human-beings, not robots; that it is the human-being which is of paramount importance in everything. I have always found it rather easy to teach people technology, In fact, it is relatively easy to program a person to use a particular device. But it is much more difficult to teach them the socialization skills to effectively interact with others. This is why our corporate slogan remains, "Software for the finest computer - the Mind." If you would like to discuss this with me in more depth, please do not hesitate to send me an e-mail. About The Author Tim Bryce is a writer and management consultant located in Palm Harbor, Florida. You can find his work on the Internet at: http://www.phmainstreet.com/timbryce.htm He can be contacted at: timb001@phmainstreet.com Copyright © 2007 Tim Bryce. All rights reserved. sumber: http://www.articlecity.com/articles/computers_and_internet/article_3934.shtml

Green With Envy In The Google Game

2007-11-13T20:53:00.000-08:00

by: Bill Platt Beginning on April 14th, 2007, a firestorm blew through the Internet community with the search engine optimization (SEO) community burning the hottest. The embers were warm and waiting for a strong wind to blow and kick up the flames, but it took Matt Cutts, the Google engineer extraordinaire to fire the flames with an off-the-cuff comment about "paid links." The flames raged and in most forums, the wind quickly shifted moving the firestorm back towards Cutts and Google. Thread Watch offered the most biting rebuttal to Cutts' comments: http://www.threadwatch.org/node/13925 and http://www.threadwatch.org/node/13941 Aaron Wall at Thread Watch is a respectable fellow, and he tore into Google with a ferociousness that I had not anticipated. Matt Cutts tried to answer some of Aaron's questions, but it seemed that Cutts' rebuttals only added more fuel to the fire. I would not have wanted to be in Matt Cutts' shoes that week. Oh my, it was brutal! Even on Cutts' own blog where the "paid link" comment originally surfaced (http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/hidden-links/), Danny Sullivan posted a question that went unanswered, so Sullivan commented about it on his site: http://searchengineland.com/070420-111550.php Search Engine Watch even mentioned this issue and linked to additional forums where the debate was raging: http://blog.searchenginewatch.com/blog/070416-020746 What Most Readers Took From Cutts' Comments There were only a few readers who took Matt Cutts' comments to be brotherly-advice. The vast majority of people were screaming that Google intended to exercise their "monopoly control" over the Internet to run all of their competitors out of business. Generally, I am not a "reactionary" type person. But for about an hour, even I had a ball in the pit of my stomach. The ball passed from the pit of my stomach when I read a post that mirrored an opinion I have openly written about numerous times before: How does Google determine the "intent" of a person making a link? They can't! Understanding The Nuances Of Similar Items Some people suggest that I should be ashamed of myself for speculating about the future of Google's algorithms. There is even one clown, who has suggested that I should fear mentioning Matt Cutts' name in an article, because I am bound to draw Cutts' ire against me and my businesses. But, I am not worried. I am simply laying out my "speculative" opinion about what Cutts' comments might mean to my business and yours. You are free to use your own brain to judge the value of my words. Am I playing a double standard when I say that Google cannot determine the intent of the person placing a link, and then I comment on how I interpret the future of the Google search algorithms? I don't think so, and let me tell you why. Google uses algorithms (software programs) to make distinctions about what a web page is about, how they value that page, and to judge the nature of a link. I use my intellect (or as some would suggest, my lack thereof) to make a judgment about what Google has told us we should expect from them in the future. I trust software to a certain extent, but software cannot always read the nuance that separates two very similar items. So, how can the Google algorithm be expected to determine the intent of a person who placed a link? It has always been my contention that humans are "required" in any process that must make an interpretation of nuance. In my businesses, we refuse to trust computers to make judgments of nuance, because they can't. That is the reason we employ human beings to process orders. What Is Google's Intent Behind The Paid Links Issue? The whole of Cutts' argument seems to hinge on nixing "paid links" that are designed to manipulate or "game Google's PageRank" and to a lesser extent, their organic search results. Google seems to be really agitated that webmasters are "selling links based on the PageRank value of a page." The problem is that webmasters are selling an intangible asset that is wholly owned by Google and maintained for "Google's benefit." Webmasters are selling this Google asset, but Google will not receive any of the proceeds from that sale. As a result, Cutts suggested that webmasters should use some method that Google's spider can use to recognize and distinguish "paid links" from "given links." Since Google's algorithm is based on the theory that links are given to websites that deserve those links, the paid links on high PageRank pages can really skew Google's PageRank values and its organic search results. Here Is Where It Gets Ugly Both honest and dishonest people inhabit this Internet. Google wants webmasters who are selling links to distinguish paid links from given links, so that Google can ignore "links purchased to influence PageRank." If honest people distinguish paid links in a way that Google can recognize, then the market demand for those links will dry up. Once the PageRank value of a link is taken away from the buyer, the buyer will be forced to purchase links based only on the traffic that the specific web page receives. If all paid link decisions were based only on a web page's traffic, then the market value of a link would be decimated. Once a webmaster tells his link-buying customers that his or her links will no longer carry PageRank value to the buyer's website, then the value of that link will drop in most cases by 80% or more. Why would a webmaster want to reduce the market value of his links by 80%? Although Google's links do not pass PageRank to the websites that are in their index or paid listings, we have to ask ourselves one thing. Would Google be willing to take a step that would reduce the market value of their own links by 80%? They certainly would not do anything that would cut their own bottom line that deeply, yet they are asking webmasters to do just that. This is the reason people are teed off at Google. At least 80% of the market value of a link is driven by the PageRank value of the web page where the link will be placed. Dishonest people don't care to play by the rules; they will continue to sell their PageRank value, as long as they continue to have buyers. Only the honest will suffer. Link Buyers Are Green With Envy Link Buyers are envious of the PageRank value given to other web pages, and they want a bit of that value passed over to their own websites. Link buyers are green with envy, because they can see that little green bar in the top of their browser that tells them how much value Google gives a web page in its algorithms. If Google were to keep PageRank as a private value, known only to them, then "paid links" would not be an issue for them to manage. If the public cannot see what a page's PageRank value is, then link buyers would not be able to use PageRank to influence their link buying decisions, and webmasters would not be able to market their PageRank value to other websites. How Simple Is That? All Google has to do to solve this problem of theirs, is to take away the indicator people use to buy and sell PageRank. Someone suggested to me that Google would never do away with the PageRank indicator in their toolbar, because Google feels that it is the only thing that ensures that people will keep the Google toolbar in their browser. Personally, I will continue to use the Google toolbar for my searches, even if the PageRank indicator was not there, because I like the search results Google gives to me. But that is just my opinion, and I am only one person out of millions of Google toolbar users. What it boils down to is this. If Google is serious about nixing schemes to buy and sell PageRank, then they would simply take their PageRank indicator away from us. But will they take it away? Only time will tell. About The Author Bill Platt offers article ghost writing and article distribution (http://thephantomwriters.com/ghostwriting) services through thePhantomWriters. He also offers a guaranteed link building (http://www.linksandtraffic.com) service, utilizing article marketing as its foundation, through LinksAndTraffic. If you have any questions about Bill's services, you can reach him by phone from 9am-6pm, Monday through Friday at 405-780-7745. sumber: http://www.articlecity.com/articles/computers_and_internet/article_3942.shtml

Radio Play: Will Topping The Charts Make You Bigger Than Elvis?

2007-11-13T20:51:00.000-08:00

by: Sheena Metal Every true life rock ‘n’ roll television melodrama has the same scene: the unknown artist/band gives their freshly cut 45rpm single to the local disc jockey. He spins it on his top 40 radio show…and a star is born. This legend has been passed down through the generations of wannabe popstars like an ancient family recipe. The ingredients may differ, but in the end you get the same glorious results: radio play equals fame and fortune. But does this Top of the Charts fairytale still apply today in the sardonic post new millennium world we call “today”? Can a band in our current music scene walk into a radio station with a CD single in their hot little hands, impress and wow the DJ with their enthusiasm and chutzpa, obtain the magic and golden FM radio spins and then ride the wave of success all the way to Graceland? Well, then, I guess the real question would be, “Do you believe in fairytales?” Unfortunately, the music industry, like the entire Earth, has become so overpopulated and so oversaturated with artists, music, CDs, and radio stations/shows of all kinds, that the chance of your own personal radio fairytale coming true is probably slim to none. But, don’t give up on your favorite audio media outlet. Radio may not catapult you to instant superstardom but it certainly can help to push you down the path to success. The following are a few tips that will help you to make your own music fairytale and get your music heard throughout the airwaves: 1.) Get Out Of Major Market The Top 40 Station Mentality---There was a day when getting played on a big city Top 40 radio station was like winning a gold medal at the Olympics. Bands that were chosen for play were handpicked by the voices of the airwaves whose ears were finely tuned to pick out the next new rising star. Today, things are a little different. Radio has become a huge corporation with three major conglomerates owning most of the stations in the United States. Sadly, Disc jockeys are no longer the innovators their predecessors were. Station management hands down a playlist (made exclusively of artists signed to mostly major labels) and the voices you hear on your radio are just that…talking heads animating a script. It’s nearly impossible for an unknown band to break into mainstream large metropolis radio and a waste of your time and money to send packages blindly to a medium that will more than likely reject you again and again. 2.) The Specialty Show Is Your Ticket In---Still determined to get played on that hot radio station with 10 million listeners and a celebrity DJ? Well, there is a backdoor that you may be able to slip through. It’s the specialty show. Many huge stations feature a weekly show structured just to highlight the little guy…to showcase unsigned artists from that station’s area and sometimes beyond. These shows are always worth sending your press package to, as they tend to base their playlist on your music and your credentials on not on the typical corporate artist roster. This is where you just might wow that innovative disc jockey and garner play on some of America’s biggest stations. 3.) College Radio Still Rocks---One area of radio that has stayed unaffected by the huge corporate retooling is the college/university station. Unlike companies/labels deciding what the listening audience thinks is cool or hip, college radio DJs and program directors are still setting their own cutting edges, breaking new artists, and finding the hot fresh stars of tomorrow hiding in their local clubs, coffee houses and garages. It’s always beneficial for unsigned artists to send as many CDs (or email as many MP3s, if the station will accept that medium) to as many college stations as you can find. You will find stations to play you and people will be listening. This could lead to new fans, tour possibilities, and will definitely look fantastic on the radio page of your website or EPK. Whether or not it will actually make you a rockstar, it will sure make you feel like one. 4.) The Unlimited World Of Independent Radio---Back in the early days of radio, indie stations were limited to audio pirates in their basements stealing airwaves from unsuspecting Top 40 giants. Now, thanks to the internet, satellites, cell phones, iPods and cable TV, independent stations outnumber their AM/FM constituents in the thousands and new ones are created every day. Since doing a search of indie radio stations online has been known to cause a brain embolism in some, know that you will probably never be able to solicit them all in one lifetime and just relax and enjoy sending music to whomever you can, as you will probably garner hoards of airplay. Furthermore, your wallet will grow to love you as most of these stations will allow you to submit MP3s online. It’s true that the legendary story of the unknown band that got one single played on the radio and became superstars within a month is probably as outdated as the 8-Track tape. But that doesn’t mean that the process of artists soliciting music for radio play has become archaic. Radio remains, to this day, one of the best ways for musicians to promote their music and their projects in their area….and now, thanks to terrific technological advancements, nationally and worldwide. The repetition of your single in the ears of even the most jaded radio listener, may lead to: CD and merchandise sales, gigging opportunities in your city and others, visits to your website, posts to your fan club forums, potential press and even maybe industry attention. So, don’t stop sending those CDs, and emailing those MP3s because the next person who hears your song on the radio might just be the one who leads, either directly or indirectly, to your much sought record deal. And who knows? You might just wind up becoming bigger than Elvis. About The Author Sheena Metal is a radio host, producer, promoter, music supervisor, consultant, columnist, journalist and musician. Her syndicated radio program, Music Highway Radio, airs on over 2,400 affiliates to more than 126 million listeners. Her musicians’ assistance program, Music Highway, boasts over 10,000 members. She currently promotes numerous live shows weekly in the Los Angeles Area, where she resides. For more info: http://www.sheena-metal.com. sumber: http://www.articlecity.com/articles/music_and_movies/article_875.shtml

High Speed Internet Connection

2007-11-13T20:50:00.000-08:00

by: Toh Poh Internet has almost become a lifeline for the new generation. Many businesses now depend entirely on the Internet. People residing in different parts of world are able to talk to each other via the medium of Internet. Video conferencing is a live example of it. Many marriages are also made with the help of the Internet. The list of benefits that Internet provides is limitless. But, what would you do when you have a slow speed internet connection that takes a lot of time? That internet connection would simply be useless to you. The speed at which you are connected to the Internet plays a very important role in enjoying the advantages offered by it. For example, suppose one of your relatives who is residing overseas, has sent you a holiday clip. Now, if your Internet speed is slow then first of all it would take a long time to load the mail website. Then you would enter your user name and password. It would again take extra time to verify it. Also, downloading the clip would be very slow, even if its size is very small. Overall, you can say that having a low speed Internet connection (dial-up connection) is not a good thing. There are many choices available for a high speed Internet connection. DSL, Cable and Satellite are some of them. You can select the best one from them. Here are some of the common benefits that all these high speed Internet connections provide. * Viewing of streamlining clips or videos is very easy and fast in these connections. Dial-up connections may not even allow their access. * You can upload web pages and download any kind of information or software with more than twice the speed of dial-up connection. * Downloading of images and huge e-mail files can be done almost promptly. * High speed Internet connection has proven to be a boon for all businessmen. They can now access the world wide web within a few seconds. Their businesses have been highly benefited through efficient and quick video conferencing which would have been impossible in a slow dial-up connection. * For those people who work from home, a high speed Internet connection can assist them in increasing their overall work efficiency and output. * On a long term basis, the high speed Internet connection can prove to be highly economical. DSL: The best choice for high speed internet connection Now-a-days, DSL has become the leading choice for a high speed Internet connection. DSL works on existing telephone lines. With a DSL connection you can browse the web and talk on the phone at the same time. Generally, a DSL connection requires a DSL router, a dedicated phone line and a network card or a modem for each system. The installation of DSL at your location is the responsibility of the service provider. Last but not the least, this high speed Internet connection is offered at very affordable prices. About The Author Toh Poh Leng owns and operates http://www.dsl-upgrade-help.com Dsl Upgrade sumber: http://www.articlecity.com/articles/computers_and_internet/article_3944.shtml

my atricle

2007-11-13T20:48:00.000-08:00

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